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""All art should become science and all science art; poetry and philosophy should be made one."" Friedrich Schlegel's words perfectly capture the project of the German Romantics, who believed that the aesthetic approaches of art and literature could reveal patterns and meaning in nature that couldn't be uncovered through rationalistic philosophy and science alone. In this wide-ranging work, Robert J. Richards shows how the Romantic conception of the world influenced (and was influenced by) both the lives of the people who held it and the development of nineteenth-century science.I
Romanticism --- German literature --- Philosophy, German. --- Romantisme --- Littérature allemande --- Philosophie allemande --- History and criticism. --- Histoire et critique --- Literature and science --- German literature -- 18th century -- History and criticism. --- German literature -- 19th century -- History and criticism. --- Literature and science -- Germany. --- Romanticism -- Germany. --- Littérature allemande --- Philosophy, German --- German philosophy --- Poetry and science --- Science and literature --- Science and poetry --- Science and the humanities --- Young Germany --- History and criticism
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Did Darwin see evolution as progressive, directed toward producing ever more advanced forms of life? Most contemporary scholars say no. In this challenge to prevailing views, Robert J. Richards says yes-and argues that current perspectives on Darwin and his theory are both ideologically motivated and scientifically unsound. This provocative new reading of Darwin goes directly to the origins of evolutionary theory. Unlike most contemporary biologists or historians and philosophers of science, Richards holds that Darwin did concern himself with the idea of progress, or telos, as he constructed his theory. Richards maintains that Darwin drew on the traditional embryological meanings of the terms "evolution" and "descent with modification." In the 1600's and 1700's, "evolution" referred to the embryological theory of preformation, the idea that the embryo exists as a miniature adult of its own species that simply grows, or evolves, during gestation. By the early 1800's, however, the idea of preformation had become the concept of evolutionary recapitulation, the idea that during its development an embryo passes through a series of stages, each the adult form of an ancestor species. Richards demonstrates that, for Darwin, embryological recapitulation provided a graphic model of how species evolve. If an embryo could be seen as successively taking the structures and forms of its ancestral species, then one could see the evolution of life itself as a succession of species, each transformed from its ancestor. Richards works with the Origin and other published and archival material to show that these embryological models were much on Darwin's mind as he considered the evidence for descent with modification. Why do so many modern researchers find these embryological roots of Darwin's theory so problematic? Richards argues that the current tendency to see evolution as a process that is not progressive and not teleological imposes perspectives on Darwin that incorrectly deny the clearly progressive heart of his embryological models and his evolutionary theory.
Evolution (Biology) --- History --- Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. --- Evolution. --- Evolution --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Darwin, Charles, --- Biology. --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Darwin, Charles, Robert --- Evolution (Biology) - History --- morphology, ideology, darwinian, history, historical, theoretical, philosophy, philosopher, progress, progressive, evolutionary, life, species, ideological, close reading, biology, biologist, historian, science, scientific, embryology, modification, 1600s, 1700s, 18th, 17th, century, adult, growth, change, graphic, model, textbook, academic, scholarly.
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Prior to the First World War, more people learned of evolutionary theory from the voluminous writings of Charles Darwin's foremost champion in Germany, Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), than from any other source, including the writings of Darwin himself. But, with detractors ranging from paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould to modern-day creationists and advocates of intelligent design, Haeckel is better known as a divisive figure than as a pioneering biologist. Robert J. Richards's intellectual biography rehabilitates Haeckel, providing the most accurate measure of his science and art yet written, as well as a moving account of Haeckel's eventful life.
Biologists --- Zoologists --- Evolution (Biology) --- Animal scientists --- Life scientists --- Naturalists --- History. --- Haeckel, Ernst, --- Haeckel, Ernest --- Haeckel, Ernst --- evolution, evolutionary, theory, theoretical, theorist, history, historical, wwi, world war, darwin, darwinian, writings, ernst haeckel, 1800s, controversy, controversial, science, scientific, scientist, academic, scholarly, research, paleontologist, stephen jay gould, creationist, creationism, intelligent design, genes, adaptation, species, life story, biography, biographical.
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Evolution (Biology) --- Human evolution --- History. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Darwin, Charles, --- Ethics.
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The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin is universally recognized as one of the most important science books ever written. Published in 1859, it was here that Darwin argued for both the fact of evolution and the mechanism of natural section. The Origin of Species is also a work of great cultural and religious significance, in that Darwin maintained that all organisms, including humans, are part of a natural process of growth from simple forms. This Companion commemorates the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species and examines its main arguments. Drawing on the expertise of leading authorities in the field, it also provides the contexts - religious, social, political, literary, and philosophical - in which the Origin was composed. Written in a clear and friendly yet authoritative manner, this volume will be essential reading for both scholars and students More broadly, it will appeal to general readers who want to learn more about one of the most important and controversial books of modern times.
Darwin, Charles --- Evolution (Biology) --- Natural selection. --- Evolution (Biologie) --- Sélection naturelle --- Darwin, Charles, --- Evolution (Biology). --- Sélection naturelle --- Natural selection --- Darwinism --- Selection, Natural --- Genetics --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological invasions --- Heredity --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Phylogeny --- Darwin, Charles, - 1809-1882 - On the origin of species
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Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a watershed event when it was published in 1962, upending the previous understanding of science as a slow, logical accumulation of facts and introducing, with the concept of the "paradigm shift," social and psychological considerations into the heart of the scientific process. More than fifty years after its publication, Kuhn's work continues to influence thinkers in a wide range of fields, including scientists, historians, and sociologists. It is clear that The Structure of Scientific Revolutions itself marks no less of a paradigm shift than those it describes. In Kuhn's "Structure of Scientific Revolutions" at Fifty, leading social scientists and philosophers explore the origins of Kuhn's masterwork and its legacy fifty years on. These essays exhume important historical context for Kuhn's work, critically analyzing its foundations in twentieth-century science, politics, and Kuhn's own intellectual biography: his experiences as a physics graduate student, his close relationship with psychologists before and after the publication of Structure, and the Cold War framework of terms such as "world view" and "paradigm."
Science --- Science. --- Wissenschaftsphilosophie. --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Kuhn, Thomas S. --- Kuhn, Thomas S., --- Structure of scientific revolutions (Kuhn, Thomas S.). --- Philosophy --- Science - Philosophy --- Kuhn, Thomas S. - Structure of scientific revolutions --- philosopher of science, thomas kuhn, scientific revolutions, paradigm shift, 20th century, american, philosophy, philosophical, usa, united states, knowledge, objective criteria, incommensurable, history, psychology, considerations, sociology, development by accumulation, progress, puzzle solving, anomalies, copernican revolution, irrational, humanism.
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Evolutionary ethics - the application of evolutionary ideas to moral thinking and justification - began in the nineteenth century with the work of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, but was subsequently criticized as an example of the naturalistic fallacy. In recent decades, however, evolutionary ethics has found new support among both the Darwinian and the Spencerian traditions. This accessible volume looks at the history of thought about evolutionary ethics as well as current debates in the subject, examining first the claims of supporters and then the responses of their critics. Topics covered include social Darwinism, moral realism, and debunking arguments. Clearly written and structured, the book guides readers through the arguments on both sides, and emphasises the continuing relevance of evolutionary theory to our understanding of ethics today.
Ethics, Evolutionary. --- Ethics, Naturalistic --- Evolutionary ethics --- Naturalistic ethics --- Ethics --- Ethical relativism
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Ebullition --- Heat --- Low temperatures --- Bibliography. --- Transmission --- Bibliography. --- Bibliography.
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The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin is universally recognised as one of the most important science books ever written. The Origin of Species is also a work of great cultural and religious significance, in that Darwin maintained that all organisms, including humans, are part of a natural process of growth from simple forms. This Companion commemorates the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species and examines its main arguments. Drawing on the expertise of leading authorities in the field, it also provides the contexts - religious, social, political, literary, and philosophical - in which the Origin was composed. Written in a clear and friendly yet authoritative manner, this volume will be essential reading for both scholars and students. More broadly, it will appeal to general readers who want to learn more about one of the most important and controversial books of modern times.
Evolution (Biology) --- Natural selection. --- Darwin, Charles,
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Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a watershed event when it was published in 1962, upending the previous understanding of science as a slow, logical accumulation of facts and introducing, with the concept of the "paradigm shift," social and psychological considerations into the heart of the scientific process. More than fifty years after its publication, Kuhn's work continues to influence thinkers in a wide range of fields, including scientists, historians, and sociologists. It is clear that The Structure of Scientific Revolutions itself marks no less of a paradigm shift than those it describes. In Kuhn's "Structure of Scientific Revolutions" at Fifty, leading social scientists and philosophers explore the origins of Kuhn's masterwork and its legacy fifty years on. These essays exhume important historical context for Kuhn's work, critically analyzing its foundations in twentieth-century science, politics, and Kuhn's own intellectual biography: his experiences as a physics graduate student, his close relationship with psychologists before and after the publication of Structure, and the Cold War framework of terms such as "world view" and "paradigm."
Science --- Science --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Kuhn, Thomas S. --- philosopher of science, thomas kuhn, scientific revolutions, paradigm shift, 20th century, american, philosophy, philosophical, usa, united states, knowledge, objective criteria, incommensurable, history, psychology, considerations, sociology, development by accumulation, progress, puzzle solving, anomalies, copernican revolution, irrational, humanism.
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